4．She refused to treat these new discoveries as though they belonged to her，and instead shared all her knowledge with the whole scientific world．她不同意把这些新发现看作是属于她自己的东西，而是献出自己的全部知识，与整个科学界共享。
（1）此句中as though=as if意思是“好像，仿佛”，作连词，后接方式状语从句。从句的谓语动词一般要用虚拟语气，即动词用过去时或过去完成时。e．g．①She always talks to me as though／if she were／was my sister．她总是以我妹妹的口气跟我说话。
②He walked slowly as if he had hurt his leg．他慢慢地走，好像腿受伤的样子。
但as though／if从句在look，seem后，从句的谓语动词可不用虚拟语气。e·g．①She looks as if she"s going to cry．她看起来要哭似的。
②It seems as though he has been at the scene of the crime．看样子他好像曾在犯罪现场。
（2）句中belong to意为“属于”，及物性短语动词。注意此词组无被动浯态，无进行时态。
That dictionary belongs to me．那本辞典是我的。
注意此词组还可意味“是……的一员，与……有关联”。e．g.
I belong to the tennis club．我是这个网球俱乐部的会员。
（3）句中share…with意思是“与……共用，分享，分担”。e．g．①The boy shared his toy with other children．那男孩把他的玩具拿出来，和其他小孩子一起玩。
②Would you share your newspaper with me？我们-起看报好吗？
share…with与share…between／among的区别：share…with意思是“与……分享，共用，分担”，而share…between／among是指“在……之间分配，均分”。如果所分配范围“在……之间”，是几个单数名词，则用between；如果是复数名词，between和among都可以。e．g．①He shared his property between his wife，his daughter and his son．他把他的财产分给了他的妻子、女儿和儿子。
②Mother is sharing the cakes among／between the boys to make sure that everyboy gets some．妈妈在给孩子们分糕点以确保每个孩子得到一份。
5．Which mineral would you use to protect yourself against radium？
你会用哪种矿物来保护自己不受镭的伤害呢？
句中protect sb．／sth．against意思是“防御，保护……使不受（伤害）”，这里介词against也可换成from，即protect sb．／sth．from…e.g.
①A line of forts was built along the border to protect the country against attack．边界沿线构筑了碉堡，以防敌人进攻该国。
②He is wearing sunglasses to protect his eyes from the strong sunlight．他戴着太阳镜以挡强烈的阳光。
说明：protect against…和protect…from用法基本相同。防御较为严重的伤害，通常用介词against，一般情况常用from，但区分不是很严格。e.g.
Cares should be taken at all times to protect the equipment against／from dustand damp．应当经常注意保护设备，不使其积尘和受潮。
Lesson 3
【教学建议】
词语辨析：
polonium is used to set off a nuclear bomb．钋用来引爆核弹。
（1）本句中set off意思是“使……爆炸”，及物性短浯动词：e．g．They set off the fireworks as soon as it got dark．天一黑他们就放焰火（烟花）。
（2）set off还可指“出发，动身”，不及物性短语动词。e．g．They set off in search of the lost child．他们出发去寻找那个丢失的孩子。
（3）set off还可意为“引起，触发”，及物性短语动词。e．g．①That strike set off a series of strikes throughout the country．那次罢工引发了全国一系列的罢工。
②A letter from home set off an attack of homesickness．一封家书触发了他的思乡病的发作。
（4）set off还可指“使某人突然产生某种活动”，其后往往接v.-ing，即set s.b．off doing sth．e.g.
Whatever you say will set her off crying.不管你说什么都会使她哭泣。
（5）set off还可指“衬托，使更明显”。e．g．This gold frame sets off your painting well．这金色的框架把你的画衬托得非常好看。
搭配辨析
1.set off与setout，set about（1）set out也可意为“出发，动身”，用法与set off同，不及物性短语动词。e.g.
They set out／off on a sightseeing tour．他们动身出去观光旅行。
（2）set out还可指“开始着手，做某事”，后接动词不定式。e．g.
We set out to paint the whole house but finished only the front part．我们为油漆整座房子开始干起来，但只完成了前面部分。
（3）set out可指“陈列，摆出，安排”，及物性短语动词。e．g.
①Set out the chairs for the meeting in rows of ten．摆好开会的坐椅，每排十张。
②The meal was set out on a long table．饭菜摆在一张长桌子上。
（4）set out还可指“表明，陈述，阐述（事实、理由等）”。e．g.
The reasons for my decision are set out in my report．我作出决定的理由在我的报告中作了阐述。
（5）set about意为“开始做或处理，着手”，其后接名词或v.-ing，即set about＋sth．／doing sth．e.g.
①The sooner we set about it the sooner we"ll finish．我们越早开始就可以越早完成这件工作。
②We set about cleaning up mess．我们开始把乱七八糟的东西打扫干净。
（6）set about还可指“攻击”，及物性短语动词。e．g.
Our dog set about the postman．我们的狗追着要咬邮递员。
2.be used as与be used for，be used to sth．／doing sth，be used to do sth.的区别：be used as和be used for都意为“用作”，不同的是as后通常接名词，for后多接v．-ing；be used to sth．／doing sth．意为“习惯于某事／做某事”，to在这里是介词；be used to do sth．意为“被用于做某事”；used to do意为“过去常常做某事”，used to这里是助动词：e.g.
①During the war the castle was used as a prison．战争期间城堡用来作监狱。
②During the war the castle was used for keeping prisoners in．战争期间城堡用来监禁囚犯。
③I"m used to the noise．我对这噪音已经习惯了。
④I"m not used to getting up early．我不习惯于早起。
⑤Wind can be used to produce electricity·风可以用来发电。
⑥This river used to be clean．这条河以前是干净的。
3.a cure for…与cure sb.of…的区别：a cure for…意为“对…的治疗”，cure这里作名词；“cure sb.of”意为“治好或治愈某人的…病”，cure这里作及物动词。e．g.
①This is a certain cure for your laziness．这是治懒惰的特效药②Moving to the country cured her of asthma．搬到乡下她的哮喘就好了。
4.be admired as与be admired for的区别：（1）be admired as意为“被当作……为人们所钦佩”，as是介词，意为“作为”。
（2）be admired for意为“因（某种原因）而为人们所钦佩”，for是介词，表示原因。e．g．He is really admired for his frankness．他以他的坦诚实在为人们所钦佩。
5.pay off与pay for，pay，pay…for…的区别：pay off＋debt指“还清”债款pay for sth．指“对（某物）的款”
pay sb．some money意为．“付给某人（多少）钱”。
pay sb．／money for sth．意为“付给（某人款／钱买某物）”。e．g.
①She tried to leave the shop without paying for the dress．她企图买衣服不付款就离开商店。
②He paid the servant 5 dollars to wash his car．他付给佣人五元钱叫他洗车。
③He paid her for the work．他付给她工钱。
④I paid￡200 for the painting.这幅画我花了二百英镑。
⑤Did you pay him l00 dollars for that old bike你付给他那辆旧自行车了吗？
语法教学：
复习定语从句
定语从句分为限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句。
1.限定性定语从句：限定性定语从句对所修饰的先行词起限定作用。限定性定语从句中关系词的使用列表如下：
在句中的作用关系词说明
主语关系代词：who/that（指人）which/that（指物关系代词不能省略宾语who／whom／that（指人）
which／that（指物）关系代词在非正式文体中可以省略
定语whose名词前表所有关系
介词＋关系代词whom（指人）which（指物）关系代词不能用who或that whose（定语）名词前表所有关系状语关系副词：when（时间）where（地点）why（原因）先行词为表时间、地点等的名词例：
①Anna was an American writer who／that interviewed Mao Ze dong in Ya"an．（指人作主语）
安娜是一位当年曾在延安采访毛泽东的美国作家。
②The friends whom／who／that we met in the park were from Egypt．（指人作宾语）
我们在公园里遇见的朋友来自埃及。
③A taxi is a car（that/which）you can hire．（指物作宾语）出租车是你可以租用的小汽车。
④Many forests where the animals lived were destroyed．（作状语）
动物栖息生活的许多森林遭到破坏。
⑤We ought to help those families whose men are in the army．（作定语）
我们应该帮助那些男人在部队的家庭。
⑥He looked at the box from which the voice came．（介词＋关系代词）
他看着那只传出声音的方箱子。
2.非限定性定语从句：非限定性．定语从句对所修饰的先行词（句子）起补充说明的作用，不起限定作用。从句中使用关系代词who，whom，which，whose和关系副词when，where等，不使用关系代词that，作宾语的whom不能用who代替。
例：They visited the city of Hangzhou，which is famous for its beautiful scene．他们参观了杭州城，它以风景秀丽而闻名。
非限定性从句中关系词指代整个句子时，用关系代词which。试比较：①Big floods hit some parts of China in the summer of 1998，which caused a great damage to the country．1998年夏中国部分地区遭受特大洪灾，给国家带来了巨大损失。（指代整个句子）
②They got married on July 1，1997，when Hong Kong returned to our motherland．他们于1997年7月1日喜结良缘，香港在这一天回归祖国。（指代时间作状语）
学习中应注意的问题
1.先行词为表示时间或地点的名词在从句中作主语或宾语时关系词的使用。当先行词为表示时间或地点的名词时，在从句中作主语或宾语时，应使用代词which或that，不能用副词when或where．
①a：I"ll never forget the days which/that I spent in the country．（which作spent的宾语）
b：I"ll never forget the days when I worked in the country．（when代替in the days作状语）
②a：They came to the small village，which was hundreds of miles from the city．（which在从句中作主语）
