Theactualmannerofarticulationmustbeashortflap[-r].ItstranscriptionofSanskritand-thcouldbeanapproximationgiventherewasnootherchoice.Itispossiblethat[-r]wasNortherndialectand[-t]wasSouthern，andtheyhadnophonemiccontrastlikeJapanese[Ir].SimilarlyinthePolynesianlanguages，Hawaiian[k]inTahitianis[t]-TheNorthwestern(LU01933)orHexidialect(Takatal988)isaconservativename.Anobviousreasoninfavorofsuchanappellationisthatthesenon-ChinesepeoplelivedintheNorthwest，andtheircontactwiththeChinesesourcelanguagewasmainlyspokenintheHexicorridor-ButitdoesnotmeanthesefeaturesarelimitedtothisregiononlyWefoundtheKorean，anothernon-ChineselanguagefromtheFarEast，alsotheRusheng[-r]andthatgivesuscouragetoimaginetheRusheng[-r]wasacommonfeatureinthewholeoftheNorthernregioninwhichthestandardMiddleChinesewasspoken.Sino一KoreanloanwordsstartedmoreformallyduringtheTanginvasion.AllRusheng[-t]charactersinKoreanendwith-I(Kwon)andtheyrendertheoriginal-r；Karlgren(1954，p.26)explained：”How，thenshouldtheKoreankalforAnc.katbeexplainedInsomeAnc.Northerndialect，whichinfluencedSinoKorean，kathaddeveloped，downtoearlyTangtime，thus：kat）kad）ka，andthisfricativeS(EngLthat)wasrenderedby-rinKorean：kar(onKofeansoilkarhasdevelopedfurtherintokar)ThisdialectalAnc.SiswellattestedinBuddhisttranscription(AncMMd”ar-mua，dialectallyda-muadharma).Butthisphenomenonisnotofaveryhighantiquty，forinHantimeArsakwastranscribed安息an-s1dk，annrenderingtheforeignr，whichitwouldnothavedoneiftherehadexistedasyllableaSatthattime，”Karlgrensspeculationabout”thisfricativeS(Engl.that)wasrenderedby-rinKorean”needsfurtherexamination.
InordertoprovethattheRusheng[-r]wasacommonfeatureofstandardMiddleChinese，WehavetoexplaintheconflictbetweenhistoricalRusheng[-r]andtheRusheng[-t]intodaysvastSoutherndialects.AnotherquestionisthatthesealveolarRushengcharactersarewrittenwith-tsinJapanese(Karlgren1932)whichstandsfor[-1]：
EarlyChinesemigrationtoKyushu九州，Japan，canbetracedbacktothe4thor3rdcenturiesB.C-(Wangl989，p.58)ChinesecultureandChinesecharactersbegantospreadtoJapaninthe5-6thcenturiesviaKorea.Sinojapaneseloanwordsareclassifiedintwocategories：”Kan-on汉音，loanwordscamefromNorthernChina，particularlyduringthe7thcenturyA，…anothergreatwavecamefromSouth-EasternChina：thesocalledGoon吴音5th-6thcenturies(Karlgren1954，p.6)Culturally，themostinfluentialperiodwasduring7-8thcenturyTangperied.Hundredsofenvoys，missionariesandstudentswereexchangeddirectly，andChinesewritingwasformallyacceptedbytheJapaneseBuddhistclergyandyoungintellectuals-BecauseofKoreaandtheBohaiKingdom劝海国inthenorth，theshipsmostlycrossedthesouthernseaatthattime.ThedominantlanguageofChineseamongtheBuddhistmissionariesandJapanesestudentsmusthavebeenSoutherndialect-Ontheotherhand，Sino-KoreanwasalwaysconnectedtoNorthernChinaanditsdialect.
Yangsheng[-ng]
Yangsheng[一ng]isavelar，voicednasal.InthetheoryofChinesephonology，thisfinalhassupposedlybeenstablethroughouthistory.Inourtexts，howevernearlyhalfoftheYangsheng[-ng]waslostandbecameopensyllabic.Wecanseenfromtheglossariesbelow，one-thirdoftheSogdian，Tibetan，andUygurYangsheng[-ng]waslost.MorethanhalfoftheKhotaneseglosseslostthe-ngending，SpgidanYangsheng[ng]Glosses：
MostoftheopensyllabicUygurYangsheng[-ng]glossesbelongtotheangshe岩摄andGengshe梗摄rhymegroups(Shogaito2.2.1)，Thesamesituationisseeninthe9thcenturyTibetan(Luop.39).IntheTangutChineseGlossary，italsooccurredintheangshe宕摄，Gengshe梗摄andJiangshe江摄groups(Gongp.183)Thisphenomenonispeculiarto10thcenturyUygurtexts.WeseethatintheearlyOrkhonTurkicglossesandthelaterYuanUygurglosses，the[-ng]remained.Sowecanroughlyestimateahistoryofthiscaseisfrom9thcenturyto1190Basedontheseboundaries，wecandatetheterminuspostquemofunknownInnerAsianmanuscriptsForexample：intheIdiqutInscriptionerectedinYongchang永昌，Hexi，in1334，thenameGaochang高昌iscarvedintwoformsqocoandgaocang.Thefirstoneisfrequentlyseeninthe10thcenturyUrgurtexts，anditremainedasarchaicloanwordinthisinscriptionThesecondone，gaocang，isadirecttranscriptionofitscontemporaryspelling.Wehavealsoseenthattheaochang道场occurredintwoformsinthe10thcenturyUygurtexts：oneisthepopulartaocang，astandardnameforBuddhisttemplesduringtheSui-Tangperiod.AnotheroneistaocoinSuv-34121；361.16，19；5353andinBTTXIII155，Thisonemustbetheauthorsfdirecttranscription，andthefinal-[ng]WasnotlostduringthisperiodThenon-ChineselanguagesWehavelistedaboveallhave-[ng]endingsintheirlanguagesandwritings，e，g，Tibetandangand，with，dbung4center；Turkicmungsorrow”，yunghair，Wehavenotseenanycaseofthelossof-[ng]intheTurkiclanguages.ButamongtheChinesedialects，de-nasalizationisstillstronginsomeGansuaccents.ProbablythesamesituationexistedinthemedievalHexidialect.ThegeographicalsphereofthiscasemaynotgobeyondtheHexidialect.Thenwhyisitparticularduringthe9thcenturyto1190inthenon-ChinesetextsItismorelikelyfromcontactratherthanfromdomesticchangeintheHexidialect.IBibliographyBailey）HaroldW.1982，TheCultureoftheSakasinAncientIranianKhotanNewYork：CaravanBooks.
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