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第9章 Seven voyages to western oceans(5)

At that time, Manlajia held a cargo warehouse forZheng He,s fleet and was a base for long-distancenavigation for the fleet. After a short rest in Manlajia,the fleet sailed westward and passed Aru, Sumatra andNanwuli. Then, the fleet was divided into two. Onepart sailed to Jiayile (in today,s southeast tip of India),Ababadan and Ganbali. The other part, led by Zheng He,

赏赐。继而在王宫举行盛大欢迎宴会,按当地风俗,围着大瓮用竹制吸管开怀畅饮美酒,共叙两国友谊。

郑和船队离开占城又到真腊访问,并去距金边240公里的吴哥古迹考察参观,获得不少佛教建筑知识。这为郑和后来任南京守备期间主持兴建南京大报恩寺及琉璃宝塔提供了重要参考。

郑和船队离开真腊,向南航行,在淡马锡(今新加坡)作短暂访问,即折向西行,到达满剌加。

满剌加这时已成为郑和船队的货物仓库,是郑和船队继续远航的途中基地。在满剌加作了短暂休

sailed to Xiaogelan, Cochin, Xilanshan and Calicut. Theteam returned back after a visit to Guli.

In 1410, Zheng He visited Xilanshan again in his returnvoyage. When visiting Xilanshan in his first voyage,Zheng He tried to resolve issues in a peaceful manner.However, things went contrary to his wishes. The kingof Xilanshan didn,t listen to Zheng He,s arguments andplaned to do harm to Zheng He and the fleet, so ZhengHe left the country. In his second visit to Xilanshan, notenough time had passed and no issues had been solved.Zheng He knew about the king,s greed and cruelty andbelieved that if the issues could not be solved, it would bedifficult for him to open a sea route to the west. Therefore,he returned the case to Emperor Yongle after returningto China. With the support of Emperor Yongle, ZhengHe visited Xilanshan a third time. The king of Xilanshaninvited Zheng He to visit his palace but plotted to captureZheng He to ask for a ransom. The king also dispatched50,000 soldiers to the seaside to attack and rob the vesselsof Ming Dynasty. The king also cut trees and set them upas barriers to block Zheng He,s return route. But ZhengHe was aware of the potential for treachery and took aforce of 3,000 to follow him. After arriving at the palace,Zheng He announced the imperial decree of EmperorYongle and gave gifts to the king as usual and tried topersuade him to give up evil ways. The king refused

整后,郑和船队继续西行,经阿鲁、苏门答剌、南巫里,然后分成两路:一路向加异勒(今印度东南端)、阿拔巴丹和甘巴里驶去;另一路由郑和率领向小葛兰、柯枝、锡兰山、古里进发。访问古里后即返航。

1410年,郑和在返航途中再赴锡兰山。郑和第一次下西洋访问锡兰山时,曾试图以和平方式解决锡兰山问题,但事与愿违,国王亚烈苦奈儿非但不听忠告,反而阴谋加害郑和。郑和第二次出使锡兰山,时机不成熟,问题仍未能解决。郑和深知亚烈苦奈儿的贪婪和凶暴,如不解决这一问题,则难以打通向西远航的海路。郑和回国后向永乐皇帝禀报了这一情况。在永乐皇帝的支持下,郑和第三次奉命出使锡兰山。亚烈苦奈儿一面假惺惺地邀请郑和一行到他宫中作客,阴谋俘获郑和,借以勒取赎金;一面暗中兵发5万到海边,阴谋袭劫明朝宝船,夺取钱财;另又伐木设障,以断绝郑和一行的归路,使之互相不得救援。郑和对其已有觉察,提高了警惕,所以加派3000人的武装卫队随行。到达王宫以后,郑和照例向亚烈苦奈儿宣读永乐皇帝的诏书,赠送礼品,并直言相陈,再次

to accept Zheng He,s persuasion and ordered his sonto ask for treasures from Zheng He. Zheng He refusedhis request with stern words and left in anger. On theway back to the fleet, Zheng He found that his way wasblocked. In these dangerous circumstances, Zheng He wascalm and made immediate arrangements. He asked othersto return to the fleet from other roads to order officialsand soldiers of the fleet to fight bravely. He then led hisarmed escort of 3,000 to attack the city of Xilanshan frombyways and captured the king of Xilanshan and his familymembers. The armies of Xilanshan, sent to rob Zheng He,sfleet, returned to the city in a hurry after hearing the newsand surrounded the imperial city of Xilanshan. ZhengHe and his escort held the imperial city and fought withthe armies of Xilanshan for six nights. On one morning,Zheng He and his escort took the king of Xilanshan andother prisoners and, at dawn, and broke through the tightencirclement. With the help of officers and soldiers of thefleet, they fought till the evening, and eventually defeatedthe armies of Xilanshan and returned to the fleet.

When Zheng He returned after this third voyage,friendly envoys from 19 countries followed Zheng He,sfleet to visit China.

On June 16, 1411 of the traditional Chinese calendar,Zheng He,s fleet returned to Nanjing with friendly envoysfrom 19 countries and the captured king of Xilanshan. The

要求亚烈苦奈儿改恶从善。亚烈苦奈儿不但拒不接受规劝,还令其子纳颜向郑和勒索金银宝物。郑和当即严词拒绝,并愤然告辞。在回船队的途中,郑和发觉道路已被阻绝。在这十分危急的情况下,郑和镇定自若,迅速作出处置,派人由其他道路回到船队,命令船队官兵立即奋勇抗击,自己则率卫队3000人,由小道夜袭锡兰王城,生擒亚烈苦奈儿及其家属、头目多人。前往劫夺郑和船队的锡兰军队闻讯,急匆匆赶回救援,包围锡兰王城。郑和等人坚守不出,如此反复攻战六个昼夜。一日清晨,郑和等人押着亚烈苦奈儿等,趁着微曦打开城门,冲出重围,且战且进,在船队官兵的接应下,激战至黄昏,终于打退锡兰军队的追击,胜利返回船队。

third voyage lasted for one year and eight months. Foreignenvoys were warmly receipted by the Government of theMing Dynasty. The king of Xilanshan waited for disposalby Emperor Yongle. In consideration of the friendlyties between China and Xilanshan and the blindnessof the king, Emperor Yongle determined to remit thepunishment but removed his post as king of Xilanshan.He ordered the king to live in China temporarily andsought to find a talented relative to set up as the newking. On July 13, 1412 of the Chinese traditional calendar,Emperor Yongle dispatched envoys to visit Xilanshanwith his imperial decrees and seal, and appointed a newking. In the meantime, the former king was sent back tothe country.

The solution of the Xilanshan issue laid the basis forpeace between eastern and western countries in the westoceans and removed the barriers for the “Maritime SilkRoad” and for trade between countries in Asia and Africa.

The fourth voyage to the western oceans(1413-1415)

Zheng He,s first three voyages to the western oceansall ended in Calicut, without reaching beyond South andSoutheast Asia. The main tasks of the voyages were toopen a route between China and the Indian Peninsula,establish the reputation of the Ming Dynasty in these

郑和第三次下西洋归来时,随同郑和船队到中国访问的,有19个国家的友好使者。

1411年农历六月十六日,郑和船队带着19个国家的友好使者,押着一个锡兰王亚烈苦奈儿,回到南京。第三次下西洋历时一年八个月。外国友好使者受到明王朝政府的热烈欢迎和盛情款待;被羁押的锡兰山王则等候永乐皇帝的处置。永乐皇帝为了中锡两国友谊,并念其愚昧无知,决定予以赦免;但废除了他的锡兰王位,让其暂时住在中国。同时,命礼部在亚烈苦奈儿的亲属中选贤能者为锡兰山国王。礼部奉命选耶巴乃那为王位继承者。1412年农历七月十三日,永乐皇帝遣使携带诏书及诰印前往锡兰山,册封耶巴乃那为国王,亚烈苦奈儿亦同时被遣返回国。

锡兰山问题的解决,奠定了当时西洋和平安定的局面,使亚非各国之间往来交通的“海上丝绸之路”完全畅通无阻。

第四次下西洋(1413-1415)

郑和前三次下西洋,都是以古里国为终点,足迹限于东南亚和南亚,其主要任务是打通中国到印度

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