登陆注册
16392900000012

第12章 科学巨人(4)

Growing up on a remote Michigan farm.Henry Ford knew little of all this—but he soon showed signs that he belonged to a new generation of Americans interested more in the industrial future than in the agricultural past.Like most pioneer farmers,his father,William,hoped that his eldest son would join him on the farm,enable it to expand,and eventually take it over.But Henry proved a disappointment.He hated farm work and did everything he could to avoid it.It was not that he was lazy.Far from it.Give him a mechanical job to do,from mending the hinges of a gate to sharpening tools,and he would set to work eagerly.It was the daily life of the farm,with its repetitive tasks,that frustrated him.“What a waste it is,”he was to write years later,remembering his work in the fields,“for a human being to spend hours and days behind a slowly moving team of houses.”

Henry was excited by the possibilities for the future that were being opened up by developments in technology that could free farmers like his father from wasteful and boring toil.But these developments,in Henry’s boyhood,had touched farming hardly at all and farmers went on doing things in the way they had always done.Low profits,the uncertainties of the weather,and farmers’instinctive resistance to change prevented all—but the richest and most farsighted farmers from taking advantage of the new age of machines.

So Henry turned his attention elsewhere.When he was twelve he became almost obsessively interested in clocks and watches.Like most children before and since,he became fascinated by peering into the workings of a timepiece and watching the movement of ratchets and wheels,springs and pendulums.Soon he was repairing clocks and watches for friends,working at a bench he built in his bedroom.

In 1876,Henry suffered a grievous blow.Mary died in childbirth.There was now no reason for him to stay on the farm,and he resolved to get away as soon as he could.Three years later,he took a job as a mechanic in Detroit.By this time steam engines had joined clocks and watches as objects of Henry’s fascination.

According to an account given by Henry himself,he first saw a steamdriven road locomotive one day in 1877when he and his father,in their horsedrawn farm wagon,met one on the road.The locomotive driver stopped to let the wagon pass,and Henry jumped down and went to him with a barrage of technical questions about the engine’s performance.From then on,for a while,Henry became infatuated with steam engines.Making and installing them was the business of the Detroit workshop that he joined at the age of sixteen.

A chance meeting with an old coworker led to a job for Henry as an engineer at the Edison Detroit Electricity Company,the leading force in another new industry.Power stations were being built and cables being laid in all of the United States’major cities;the age of electricity had dawned.But although Henry quickly learned the ropes of his new job—so quickly that within four years he was chief engineer at the Detroit power plant—his interest in fuel engines had come to dominate his life.At first in the kitchen of his and Clara’s home,and later in a shed at the back of their house,he spent his spare time in the evenings trying to build an engine to his own design.

Meanwhile,Henry’s domestic responsibilities had increased.In November 1893,Clara gave birth to their first and only child,Edsel.

Henry learned the hard way what a slow,painstaking business it was to build an engine by hand from scratch.Every piece of every component had to be fashioned individually,checked and rechecked,and tested.Every problem had to be worried over and solved by the builder.To ease the burden,Henry joined forces with another mechanic,Jim Bishop,Even so,it was two years before they had succeeded in building a working car.It was an ungainlylooking vehicle,mounted on bicycle wheels and driven by a rubber belt that connected the engine to the rear wheels.Henry called it the “Quadricycle”.

机械迷:亨利·福特

亨利·福特虽然生长在偏远的密执安农场,但他对农事知之甚少——他很早便显露出新一代美国人的特点,比起农业的过去来,他们对工业的未来更感兴趣。他的父亲威廉姆,如同大多数早期的农场主一样,希望长子能随他务农,扩展农场并继承他的衣钵。而亨利令他感到失望。他厌恶农活并想方设法予以逃避。这并不是说他懒惰。绝对不是。倘若让他干点儿机械活,从修门的合叶到磨农具,他都干劲。使他感到沮丧的是农场的日常生活和单调重复和劳动。后来他在回忆他的这段农庄生活时写道:“一个人整天跟在一群慢腾腾的马后,这是多么大的浪费呀。”

亨利对技术发展可能开创的未来兴奋不已,这能使像他父亲一样的农夫从费时和枯燥的辛劳中解脱出来。但在亨利的童年,这些发展几乎根本触及不到农业,而农民们一直延续着由来已久的务农方式。收益低、变化无常的天气和农民们对改变现状的本能抵制都妨碍农民们(早富有和最有远见者除外)充分利用新型机械。

因此亨利将注意力专向其它方面。当他十二岁时就对钟表异常着迷。与在此前后的大多数孩子一样,他痴迷于探查计时器的工作方式及观察棘轮、车轮、弹簧和钟摆的运动。不久他就能在卧室里自己做的长凳上给朋友们修理钟表了。

1876年,亨利遭受到一次痛苦的打击。玛丽在分娩时死去。他再也没有理由呆在农场了,随即人决定尽快远走他乡。三年后,他在底特律得到一份机械师的工作。此时蒸汽发动机已成为继钟表后亨利的又一痴迷物。

据亨利自己所说,他第一次见到蒸汽驱动的机车是在1877年的一天,他和父亲坐在农用马车上。机车司机停下给他们让路,亨利跳下车过去问了一连串有关发动机性能的问题。从那天起,又过了一段时间,亨利便开始对蒸汽发动机如痴如醉。当他十六岁在底特律的工作间做事时,制造和安装发动机就成了他的工作。

由于一次偶然的机会,亨利遇到了一位原来的同事,这得以使他在爱迪生底特律电力公司谋到一份工程师的工作,该公司属另一新兴行业的中坚。在美国的主要城市,都在兴建电厂,铺设缆线;电气时代业已到来。但尽管亨利很快就学会了新工作中的各种技能,使得他不出四年便成为底特律电厂的总工程师,然而他对燃油发动机的兴趣在其生活中占据着主要地位。先是在他与克拉拉家中的厨房里,而后在他们房后的一间工作棚里,他用晚上的业余时间试图制造出一台自行设计的发动机。

与此同时,亨利的家庭责任也日趋繁重起来。1893年11月,克拉拉生了他们惟一的孩子艾德赛。

亨利懂得了靠手工白手起家地制造发动机是一项缓慢、辛苦、困难重重的工作。每种部件的每个部分都要分别制作、检查及调试。制造者要操心和解决每个问题。为了减轻负担,亨利与另一位机械师吉姆·毕晓普一起分工合作。即便如此,他们也是花了两年的时间才造出一辆工作车。这辆车样子笨拙,架在自行车轮子上并靠一根胶皮带将发动机与后车轮相连。亨利戏称它为“四轮驱动脚踏车。”

同类推荐
  • LaoTzu

    LaoTzu

    InaruralareainthenorthernpartofChina,aweddingistakingplace.TheritualisastrangebutrevealingmixtureofEasternandWesterntraditionandculture;ChineseweddingsdatebackthousandsofyearsandarealivingechoofancientChineseteachings.
  • 英语PARTY——纯正口语对话室

    英语PARTY——纯正口语对话室

    本套书籍带你领略英语世界风景,感悟英语学习氛围,有助于英语学习。
  • 人生不设限(中英双语版)

    人生不设限(中英双语版)

    一本撼动数亿人心灵的勇气之书!没有一本书,比力克的故事,更能带给你希望!他一出生连四肢都没有,跌倒再跌倒。一直被人嘲笑。经历漫长挫折与黑暗。从失望到绝望再到充满希望,从一无所有到一无所缺。他要告诉你什么叫永不放弃的精神,以及在心灵强大的旅程上如何做一个强者。我相信没有一本书比力克胡哲的故事更能带给你希望!
  • 让我留在你的身边

    让我留在你的身边

    在这个世界上,一个人唯一不自私的朋友,唯一不抛弃自己的朋友,唯一不忘恩负义的朋友,就是他的狗……《让我留在你的身边》讲的是一本狗狗们的礼赞,精选了几十篇感人至深的温情故事,蕴藏了无尽的知识和哲思。此书献给所有挚爱宠物的人们,以及所有给人类带来欢乐的宠物们,因为它们无言的忠诚,教会人类什么叫做无条件的爱。
  • 课外英语——奥运实用英语(双语版)

    课外英语——奥运实用英语(双语版)

    本套书共50册,分为美国各州的小知识,七彩缤纷的音符,优美好看的小散文,开心时分的短文,经典流传的寓言,超级高效的短句,实际有用的词汇等等在这些书中,备有单词解释,相关简介,或中文翻译,便于同学们更好的阅读和理解,真正进入文字的内涵当中,准确地和文字进行交流。本书主要收录了一些精品散文,全书分爱心天使、温暖亲情、亲情教育等板块,从不同的方面展现爱的力量、爱的伟大,阐释了爱的真谛,很有阅读价值。
热门推荐
  • 議處安南事宜

    議處安南事宜

    本书为公版书,为不受著作权法限制的作家、艺术家及其它人士发布的作品,供广大读者阅读交流。
  • 千古帝王梦

    千古帝王梦

    一个新的故事。希望能写的好。
  • 重生缘:妃倾天下

    重生缘:妃倾天下

    一朝穿越,人人欺负都欺负她,开什么玩笑?要想发展,就得先生存。当离开那个所谓的家,孤身立在雨中,她回眸轻轻的笑了,替墨惜颜笑得淡漠……等等,事情怎么越来越不受控制了?错综复杂的纠葛,前世究竟是谁欠了谁,才落得今生的轮回?遥望,远处楼宅烟雨中,一身无事也悠然,几度风雨几度愁。
  • 冥婚秘录:鬼夫

    冥婚秘录:鬼夫

    每一次危机蛰伏,他都霸道显现。忍我百般刁难却仍旧阴魂不散。那日,父亲离去头七,后妈小妹将我配作冥婚。再次醒来,我竟与鬼共处。壁咚,表白,纠缠。让我费劲百般心思却都无法驱除。直至那次,他化作帅气人形,而我……
  • 时如初见

    时如初见

    17岁,黎炀对夏雨说“你愿成为我的黎太太吗?”夏雨点头21岁,黎炀问夏雨“你留学的那一年,究竟发生了什么?”夏雨微笑“车祸,患上选择性失忆”“你可知你忘的是谁?”她认真想了想回道“不知”很肯定的语气,说的黎炀心里剧痛。不由想起五年前,记忆中那个爱的刻骨铭心的女孩哭的梨花带雨的对他说,她愿成为黎先生一辈子夫人的时候时过境迁,记忆里的她与眼前的她,都还是那么相似只可惜现在的她,怕是再不会为他流泪但是夏雨,这辈子不管如何,我依然陪你一起走。
  • 气武魂

    气武魂

    风起云涌,这是一个奇幻的世界,描述异世大陆上的少年罗天的成长过程,讲述了他如何战胜暗黑神教,如何带领世界走向光明和平的故事。本书里面充满了寂寞、权谋、爱情、亲情,描述了一个复杂多感的世界。纠结的人物关系,痛快的打斗场景,还有看到内心爽到爆的情节故事,就在新书《气武魂》,希望大家喜欢!!!
  • 重生之帝女谋略

    重生之帝女谋略

    前世,她遭受亲情,友情,爱情,重重背叛,临死之前才明白她这一生就是一场笑话,而她不过就是他们手上一枚可有可无的棋子,有用时给你权力,无用时让你跌入万丈深渊渊,也许是老天可怜她罢,竞让她重活一回,这次无论是谁都别想主宰她的命运。
  • 精神控制术

    精神控制术

    人的精神世界可以简单,也可以复杂;可以光明,也可以黑暗;可以安静,也可以疯狂!从某种意义上讲,控制了人的精神,就控制了整个世界!!!余晖昏迷了三个月当他醒来,他发现整个世界好像都变了,身边最亲近的人好像都对他有所隐瞒,而且发生了一系列诡异的事情直到有一天,余晖重新踏入了那个小镇,谜底慢慢的揭开。而随着谜底的揭开,一系列恐怖的、不可控的事情如潮涌般袭来......
  • 异界骷髅进化

    异界骷髅进化

    王宇重生异界,成为一只骷髅,因一个骷髅进化系统,让炮灰般的骷髅有了无限的可能。王宇誓要骷髅天下
  • 异世通判

    异世通判

    来到异世的慕林伴上了一个不靠谱的系统,一本生死簿,本该风光无限的异界之旅被搞得乱七八糟,话说。。。你手上的RPG是怎么回事。。。