e 铺设道路：罗马人修了四条主干道，分别是（1）华特林古道，从肯特郡海岸穿过伦敦直达卡那封郡；（2）瑞肯德古道，从圣大卫故地穿过德比郡和约克郡，延伸到泰恩河口；（3）赫敏古道，从圣大卫故地到南安普敦；（4）福思古道，从林肯郡到康尔沃郡。这些古道在当时被称作“土阶”（Strata），后来的英语才将其叫做“街道”（Street）。
出了生命。他们的代表就是奥尔本，最后牺牲于费鲁拉姆城，后来这个地方改名叫圣奥尔本斯，以此纪念这位殉道者。
8.到后来，野蛮土著人及其他北方蛮夷对意大利的侵扰日渐频繁，这让罗马军队不得不从不列颠本土撤退，以保卫他们的王权中心。当时的不列颠年轻人还要向罗马服兵役，但服役地点都是在高卢或者欧洲大陆上的其他地方，而不是在本土。公元410年，罗马的霍诺留斯皇帝觉得缩小庞大帝国的边界势在必行，于是下令从不列颠撤军，并消除罗马帝国在不列颠的所有政权设置，留下不列颠人自生自灭了。
11
FROM THE ENGLISH SETTLEMENT TO EGBERT
从英国人定居到埃格伯特称王
449to 827A.D.（公元449~827年）
by-and-by，in a short time.degrees，a little at a time.example，lead；copy.
fain，glad.
founders，beginners.
seafaring tribes，people who spent their lives as seamen.
speech，language.
states，small countries or kingdoms.
wrested，took by force.
1.Not long after the Romans left the country，the Picts and the Scots again invaded South Britain.The Britons，it is said，being unable to resist them，called in the aid of certain seafaring tribes from the other side of the North Sea.These people gladly came；and they liked the country so well that they were fain to make it their own.
2.So they wrested from the Britons （or Welsh，as they called them），whom they had come to help，land on which they and their families might settle.These settlers were the founders of the English Nation.By-and-by there came other tribes of the same race，which settled on different parts of coast.In theend，they founded as many the seven or eight States in South Britain，and thus drove the Welsh into the north and the west of the country.
3.The names of some of these States （as Essex.Sussex，Wessexb）show thatc
they were founded by Saxons.Others （as East Angliaand Northumbria ）were founded by people called Angles.The Angles got most of the land，and became the most powerful tribe.So，when the two peoples grew into one，they were called Anglo-Saxons-that is，Angles and Saxons.They called their speech English，and their country ENGLAND-that is，the Land of the English.
a Essex Sussex，Wessex.-That is，East-Saxon，South-Saxons，West Saxons.
b East Anglia.-Now Norfolk and Suffolk.
c Northumbria.-That is，the land north of the Humber.Another State was called Southumbrua.It was afterwards included in Mercia.
4.When the Angles and the Saxons came to Britain they were heathens in religion，and little better than savages in life andamanners.But Augustinebegan
[The different Anglian and Saxon States，in the orderof their settlement，were，-KENT，SUSSEX，WESSEX，to teach the Christian religion in Kent in 597，and then a great change began.The King of Northumbria became Christian soon after wards，and the other Stat es quickl y fol low ed his example.
5.These early kingdoms were generally at war with one another；and the weaker States were thus by degrees swallowed up in the stronger ones.In this way the land came to be divided among threebESSEX EAST ANGLIA （comprising North folk and Suth-folk），NORTHUMBRIA （formed by the union of Deira andStates-Wessex，Mercia，andBernicia），and MERCIA.The Anglians or English were most numerous in the north；the Saxons in the south，as the names Essex，Sussex，and Wessex indicate.The seven chief States are some times called The Heptarchy，or Rule of Seven；but there never were at any one time seven independent States.
The native Britons，or Welsh as the English called them，were driven into Cornwall （or West Wales），North Wale]Cumbria，and Strathclwyd.]
Northumbria.These three then
strove；and in 827King Egbert of Wessex，the father of Alfred the Great，got the mastery，and ruled over all the land.
中文阅读
1.罗马人离开不久，皮克特人和苏格兰人再次入侵不列颠南部，据说这时不列颠人完全不知所措，根本无法迎敌交战。情急之下，他们向北海的一些海上部落寻求帮助，而这些人不仅兴冲冲地来了，而且一来就爱上了这个温柔富贵乡，再也不走了。
2.本应是来帮忙御敌的，结果却强占了不列颠人（或者叫威尔士人，他们就是这样称呼不列颠人的）的国土，并且还拖家带口在这里定居下来。可别小瞧这些移民，他们就是英国民族的奠基人。后来们其他部落的人也陆续过来定居，并分布在a Augustine.-Pronounce Au-gus’tine.
b Mercia.-The centre of England，between the Thames and the Mersey，and between East Anglia and Wales.
不同的沿海地区。到最后（公元582年），整个不列颠南部由此形成了七八个小国，威尔士人反而被他们赶到了西部和北部地区。
3.这些小国的某些国名（比如埃塞克斯、苏塞克斯、韦塞克斯a）就显示出它们是由撒克逊人所建立，还有一些国名（比如东盎格利亚b和北布里亚c）则显示出它们是由一个叫做盎格鲁人的族群所建立。盎格鲁人逐渐占据了绝大部分土地，成为全岛最有实力的部落。因此后来当这两个族群合并时，就叫做盎格鲁-撒克逊民族，即盎格鲁人和撒克逊人的混合。他们的语言叫做英语，他们的国家叫做英格兰--字面意义就是讲英语的人的土地。
4.当盎格鲁人与撒克逊人初来不列颠时，他们都还是异教徒，在饮食起居的文明礼数方面跟野蛮人几乎没什么两样。但是当公元597年，奥古斯丁开始在肯特传播基督教信仰之后，他们巨大的改变也就慢慢开始了。首先是诺森布里亚国王成了基督徒，接着其他邦国首领皆纷纷效仿，信仰了基督。
5.这些早期的王国首领们，相互之间经常兵戎相见。弱小的国家逐渐被强大的国家所吞并，因此到后来这片土地上只剩下三个强国：韦塞克斯、麦西亚d和诺森布里亚。这三个国家各自不断发展，到了827年，韦塞克斯国王，即阿尔弗雷德大帝的父亲--伟大的埃格伯特，终于完成统一，成为整个不列颠的国王。
a 埃塞克斯、苏塞克斯、韦塞克斯：分别是东撒克逊、南撒克逊、西撒克逊的缩略词。
b 东盎格利亚：位于现在的诺福克和萨福克郡。
c 北布里亚：即是亨伯河以北地区，还有一个小国叫南布里亚，后来被并入麦西亚。
d 麦西亚：位处英格兰的中心，在泰晤士河与默而西河之间，东西毗连东盎格利亚与威尔士。
12
HENGIST AND HORSA
亨吉斯特与霍萨
afforded，gave.
chieftains，leaders.
enchanted，delighted；made captive.
enclosed，surrounded.enfeebled，weakened.expecting，looking for.intended，meant.
1.Some years after the Roman soldiers had finally left the island，there came to the coast of Britain three keels，or ships，filled with men called Jutes，who，in addition to the usual swords and spears，carried axes and great steel hammers for attacking their enemies.Their leaders were called Hengist and Horsa；and their banner bore the figure of a white horse.They came just at the right time.A struggle for power had been going on between the Britons of themead，wine.
request，thing asked；prayer.Rowena，Ro-wee？-na.sacrifice，giving up.stratagem，trick；cunning.struggle，fight；striving.
THE LANDING OF THE ENGLISH.
South and the Picts and Scots，and the former were in great need of help.
