5）同义词、近义词、反义词以及语义相对的词
在文本连贯上，同义词、近义词、反义词以及语义相对的词也能很好地起到连贯的作用。
在连贯或衔接上，可以采用不同程度的同义词或近义词。
语例：
I took leave， and turned to the ascent of the peak.
（1）The ascension was perfectly easy.（同义词）
（2）The climb was perfectly easy.（近义词）
（3）The task was perfectly easy.（一般意义的词）
（4）The thing was perfectly easy.（更一般意义的词）
运用语义相对的词和反义词进行连贯：
（1）Everyone thinks his idea is stupid.Nobody thinks it clever.
（2）It is usually very hard for a person to have many friends.And in the modern society， where materialization， commercialization and competition prevail， one often has to confront a large swarm of unfriendly fellows， hostilities， or even enemies.
6）平行结构的连贯手段
平行结构主要是作为一种语法手段来保持语句间的连贯。平行结构的使用使得语句间或整个段落看起来成为一个统一的整体。
语例：
（1）And so， my fellow Americans， ask not what you country can do for you； ask what you can do for the country.My fellow citizens of the world， ask not what America will do for you， but what together we can do for the freedom of man.
（2）We did not seek this war on terror， but this is the world as we find it.We must keep our focus.We must do our duty.History is moving， and it will tend toward hope， or tend toward tragedy.Our terrorist enemies have a vision that guides and explains all their varied acts of murder.They seek to impose Taliban-like rule， country by country， across the greater Middle East.They seek the total control of every person， and mind， and soul， a harsh society in which women are voiceless and brutalized.They seek bases of operation to train more killers and export more violence.They commit dramatic acts of murder to shock， frighten and demoralize civilized nations， hoping we will retreat from the world and give them free rein.They seek weapons of mass destruction， to impose their will through blackmail and catastrophic attacks.None of this is the expression of a religion.It is a totalitarian political ideology， pursued with consuming zeal， and without conscience.
上述几种结构（形式）方法都是人们在写作中常用的有效的连贯方法。形式连贯对文本写作具有十分重要的作用，在一般的作文写作中，连贯词汇和术语常常占整个文本词数的10%～20%。
实际上，写作形式上的连贯就好似一个有形的链条，将一个段落中的各个语句有机地维系在一起。从而使段落的行文流畅，而又不失逻辑严密。可以看出，段落的语义连贯与形式连贯是一个不可割裂的整体。具备良好连贯的段落，每一个语句的出现都让人觉得不是偶然和多余，相反，一旦链条上的某一环节上的语句丢失，就会让人感觉某种缺失和不足。
段落连贯图示语例：
（1）One value of American culture that I do not accept is the value of materialism. In general， Americans tend to value and collect more material objects than most people in other parts of the world would ever think of owning. The typical modern American owns one or more television sets， cars， stereo systems， computers， and/or telephones. Much time and energy is spent on maintaining and protecting these things. In addition to maintaining and protecting their possessions， Americans often give higher priority to obtaining more things than they do to investing time in interpersonal relationships. This value seems to result in producing regret in Americans when they reach the end of their lives.Many times people look back at their lives and realize that the things they have accumulated are not nearly as important as the relationships they should have nurtured.
语例：
（2）Kidnappers are rarely interested in animals， but they recently took considerable interest in Mrs Eleanor Ramsay's cat.Mrs Eleanor Ramsay， a very wealthy old lady， has shared a flat with her cat， Rastus， for a great many years.Rastus leads an orderly life.He usually takes a short walk in the evenings and is always home by seven o'clock.One evening， however， he failed to arrive.Mrs Ramsay got very worried.She looked everywhere for him but could not find him.
（三）句式多样化
句式多样化是英语语句的写作标准，同样也是英语段落的写作标准，因此，段落语句的多样化可以参照语句写作的句式多样化。
三、英语段落写作的基本结构
熟练掌握英语段落写作的基本结构形式是构成写作者英语段落写作能力的重要组成部分。英语段落写作的基本结构，根据不同参照角度，具有以下一些类别类型：
（一）根据段落在文本中的功能和角色，段落可分为引入段、主体展开段、结尾段、过渡段。
1.引入段
引入段基本构成要素：连接/引入部分，主题陈述。
主题连接/引入部分主要在于交代写作者写作该主题背后的有关问题。
引入部分的写作思路方法常常是以解决wh-为出发点，具体来讲，就是围绕为什么要探讨某问题(why)，某事情如何（how），什么时候、什么地方发生了什么事（when， where， what）。
主题陈述部分主要在于表明该文本写作的主要观点、思想内容，或该写作要解决一个什么问题。
引入段标准：自然，新奇，简明。
自然是指如何将题目与文章所要表达的主题自然地联系起来。自然的对立面就是勉强、牵强、有失逻辑。
新奇只是指引入的思路和语句形式要有新意，避免几十人、几百人针对同一题目的千篇一律的落套的引入方式，新奇还在于文章的主题思想要有新意。具有新意的文章开头会给读者一个良好的第一印象，既能激发读者阅读兴趣，又能对文章获取高分有益。英语中有一句谚语也可用于写作上，Good beginning is half success。
简明是指引入段要求文笔简洁，主题明确，清晰透彻。如果一个读者在读完了一大段引入段后，尚不明确作者在这篇文章里究竟要做什么，究竟要说什么，这样的开头无论怎样不是一个好的开头。
在一些英语写作教科书中，我们不难找出一些常用的引入段的引入方式或方法，如引言展开法、问题展开法、修辞性问题展开法、个人经历展开法、事实或数据展开法、驳斥展开法等。
然而，在实际的文本写作中，不同类型的实际文本又有它们相对不同的引入段结构，例如议论文有议论文的引入段结构，描写文有描写文的引入段结构等。它们不同的结构反映出它们的不同的展开方式。
议论文引入段的一般结构：主题引入+主题思想陈述。
主体引入部分介绍文章将要谈论或探讨一个什么问题，问题产生的背景，如问题的起源、问题的影响、问题的发展等情况。主题思想陈述在于表达出作者对该问题所持的基本思想、看法和态度，以及文章将以怎样的方式进行议论以达成对该基本思想、看法和态度的有效支持等。
语例：
（1）The Creative Way
Because of the rule which requires us to use standard envelopes， there is a problem about to do with the used ones.After thinking for a long time， I have a few suggestions for dealing with old envelopes.
First of all， …
Secondly， …
Thirdly， …
The fourth use of the old envelopes …
（2）Time Is More Valuable
There is a saying： Time Is Money.It is to say time is valuable.However， in my opinion， time is much more valuable than money for us.If you lose money， you can earn some through making efforts.But if what you have lost is time， you can never have the missed time again.
描写文引入段的一般结构：描写对象的引入+描写对象的总体特征/作者对描写对象的最基本的总体印象。
描写对象的引入在于引入将要描写的是什么问题，如物的描写、人的描写、地点或者是情景的描写等。描写对象的引入常常需要对描写的对象进行简要的介绍。描写对象的总体特征/作者对描写对象的总体印象在于对读者呈示出写作者对该描写对象的基本印象。
语例：
XXX college is situated about six miles from a medium-size city with a purely rural surroundings.The compus lies on a natural long and narrow land stretch between a lake and a mountain.At any time a day， at any weather conditions and at any season of the year， the lake， the mountain and the compus， all together with the natural surroundings present people who work and study there， a perfect pleasant impression.
