第二，面对误解后的回答时：
If the interviewee has misunderstood one of your questions，you politely listen to the mistaken reply，and then，without reference to the mistake，rephrase the question so it is clearer and ask it again.That is far less awkward than saying，“No，what I meant was…”which suggests that the answer you just got was worthless to you.
第三，结束访谈后的处理：
In normal conversations，you don't just walk off at the end of the discussion.You might say，“Well，it has been good to chat with you.I will see you again soon.”You indicate that the conversation is over and yet leave the door open for further contact.Similarly with an interview，you wrap it up but try to leave a door open for further contact.
尽管这只是最简单化地罗列了形成“善问”而营造“日常对话”氛围的点滴方法，但是，还是令我们意识到：在进行的各类访谈中，能够形成顺畅而又自然真诚的“有问有答”的“善问”效果，不仅仅是主持人单方面的努力，而是“问”与“答”双方的合作结果。但是，不能否认的是：主持人关注到细节的素质是关键。
2“善问”的方式——自然氛围，适时鼓励，体现理解
虽然对“善问”形成的基础有了清晰的认识，但是，如何达成“善问”的效果却是最重要的。那么，这一部分要解决的问题就是：以怎样的方式营造形成“善问”呢？
根据Rubin（1995，第129页）的总结，形成了以下几个方面解释：
第一，创建自然的环境（Creating Natural Environment）。
You typically begin an interview with an informal chat that points in the direction of the topic.The tone should match the situation.When Herb reinterviewed an activist whose organisation was in serious financial trouble，they first chatted for a while about how the activist was personally responding to the pressure.
If it seems appropriate，you might want to try to put the interviewee as ease by beginning with a mild joke or tease.When Irene interviewed in Phoenix，city staff were holding a fair outside city hall and had rented a snow-making machine.Her comment that she had come from the north to the sunny south in the deep of winter and they welcomed her with snow set a tone that said，“This should be fun，relax.”
To suggest the main topic during the informal talk，you can comment on something you have seen or experienced that is on the topic，but that does not require an immediate answer.On more than one occasion when interviewing in the inner city，Herb turned an encounter with a mammoth pothole into a lead-in to an interview by suggesting that the neighborhood had been neglected by the city government.
The early chat should convey an interest in and a supportative attitude toward the interviewee's life or work.You can mention experiences that you have had that made you interested in the topic or that show some commonality with the interviewee.
After a few minutes of chat，you can move into a more formal introduction.Interviewees want to know that you are on their side，they want credible information to the effect，or at the least，evidence that you are not a loose cannon，a person with an axe to grind and nothing to lose.You need to think of ways of getting that message into the introduction as you describe what it is you want to know.
第二，适时鼓励对话能力。
Some interviewees are nervous and may be unsure they can answer your questions.Early in the interview you spend a little time tactfully reassuring the conversational partners that they are competent and that you are interested in what they say.You can mention that other people identified them to you as knowledgeable people or you can refer to their experience.….By asking questions about the interviewees'personal experiences early in the interview you signal that their personal experiences will frame the discussion.People gain confidence to talk when they realise much of what will be asked is about their own life.
Early questions should be core to the subject，but not threatening，and should deal with matters that the interviewee almost certainly knows about and，ideally，feels good about.
第三，真诚体现理解。
在采访过程中的“提问”，时常是令受访者“紧张”的。一是因为心里清楚自己的回答将被数不清的受众在茶余饭后“评头品足”，所以希望“回答”得到位为上；二是由于面对只是在屏幕上看到的主持人，自认为自己略逊一筹，更希望“回答”得有水平而“忐忑不安”。作为主持人，自然知道受访者的这一心理状态，所以，要很好地对受访者的每一次“回答”表现出情感上的“理解”。
体现这一“理解”的原则是“真诚”，底线是“同情”和“共鸣”。那么，具体在进行过程中，应注意的关键点是哪些呢？
Rubin(1995，第131页)为我们提供了较为详细的建议：
1)Through the interview you should work to encourage your conversational partner to be frank and open，as well as to provide answers in depth.To do so，you show that you understand the factual content of what is being said and empathize with the emotional undertones.This is most important early in the interview as it sets the tone for the entire discussion.
2)To show that you have understood the factual content of what interviewees have told you，ask a follow-up question that demonstrates that you have followed the discussion and pulled out the main themes.
3)To show emotional understanding，you can begin by letting interviewees know that you share their background or have had similar experiences.
4)You want your conversational partner to know that you are a willing and empathetic listener.You want interviewees to know you are paying attention to how they feel as much as to what they know.Sometimes you show such concern by the posturing of your body and expression on your face.
5)You can show emotional understanding by using a tone of voice to indicate that you recognise the difficulties of the work or the magnitude of the accomplishments.….However，if you are talking to someone who has really suffered，you might want to limit your verbal comments，and let your face and body register the shock and sympathy you feel.Anything you might say will sound inadequate.
6)When conversational partner seems to be trying to decide whether to describe their feelings and they pause in the conversation，don't jump right in and ask a question.Wait a while，keep still，and provide the silence that encourages people to continue.
